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1.
Neotrop. ichthyol ; 20(1): e210009, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1365209

ABSTRACT

The present study offers a broad comparative analysis of the dorsolateral head musculature in the Gymnotiformes, with detailed descriptions and illustrations of the dorsolateral head muscles of 83 species representing combined all valid genera. Results permit a detailed assessment of primary homologies and taxonomically-relevant variation across the order. This provides the basis for a myological synonymy, which organizes 33 previously proposed names for 15 recognized muscles. Morphological variation derived from dorsolateral head musculature was coded into 56 characters. When analyzed in isolation, that set of characters results in Gymnotidae as the sister group of remaining gymnotiforms, and all other currently recognized families as monophyletic groups. In a second analysis, myological characters were concatenated with other previously proposed characters into a phenotypic matrix. Results of that analysis reveal new myological synapomorphies for nearly all taxonomic categories within Gymnotiformes. A Partitioned Bremer Support (PBS) was used to asses the significance of comparative myology in elucidating phylogenetic relationships. PBS values show strongly non-uniform distributions on the tree, with positive scores skewed towards more inclusive taxa, and negative PBS values concentrated on less inclusive clades. Our results provide background for future studies on biomechanical constraints evolved in the early stages of gymnotiform evolution.(AU)


O presente estudo fornece uma ampla análise comparativa da musculatura dorsolateral da cabeça dos Gymnotiformes, com descrições detalhadas e ilustrações dos músculos dorsolaterais da cabeça de 83 espécies representando quase todos os gêneros válidos. Resultados permitem uma avaliação das homologias primárias e da variação taxonomicamente relevante na ordem. Isto fornece a base para uma sinonímia da nomenclatura miológica que organiza 33 nomes previamente propostos para os 15 músculos reconhecidos. As variações morfológicas da musculatura dorsolateral da cabeça foram codificadas em 56 caracteres. Este conjunto de dados foi inicialmente analisado isoladamente, resultando em Gymnotidae como grupo-irmão dos demais Gymnotiformes; e todas as famílias como grupos monofiléticos. Numa segunda análise, os caracteres musculares foram concatenados com uma matriz fenotípica previamente proposta compondo uma ampla matriz morfológica combinada. Os resultados desta análise revelaram novas sinapomorfias miológicas para todas as categorias taxonômicas em Gymnotiformes. O Suporte de Bremer Particionado (SBP) foi implementado para acessar a influência da miologia em elucidar os relacionamentos filogenéticos. Os valores de SBP exibem uma distribuição não uniforme na árvore, com indicadores positivos para agrupamentos mais inclusivos e valores negativos de SBP em clados menos inclusivos. Nossos resultados fornecem subsídios para investigações futuras sobre as restrições biomecânicas envolvidas nos estágios inicias da evolução dos Gymnotiformes.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Phylogeny , Prefrontal Cortex , Gymnotiformes/genetics
2.
Int. j. morphol ; 38(1): 91-95, Feb. 2020. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1056403

ABSTRACT

El pudú (Pudu puda) se clasifica como un artiodáctilo de la familia Cervidae y es el ciervo más pequeño. Se estima que su población se ha reducido, esto debido a varias causas, como son la pérdida de los bosques, depredación, caza y atropellos. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir la musculatura intrínseca del miembro torácico de un ejemplar de pudú, comparando los resultados observados con lo descrito para rumiantes domésticos en la bibliografía anatómica clásica. Se estudió la musculatura desde proximal hacia distal, dividiendo al miembro en cuatro regiones topográficas: región escapular, braquial, antebraquial y de la mano. Además, se realizó un estudio morfométrico indicando el largo, ancho y grosor de los músculos. Los resultados indican que el ejemplar de pudú posee características anatómicas similares a rumiantes domésticos, sin embargo, se deben considerar algunas diferencias, tales como: la porción escapular del m. deltoides se une de manera aponeurótica con el m. infraespinoso; las dos cabezas del m. flexor ulnar del carpo se encuentran altamente fusionadas; no se observó el tercer tendón del m. bíceps braquial; el m. tríceps braquial es bien desarrollado y presenta cuatro cabezas musculares bien diferenciadas; el m. ancóneo permanece de manera independiente de la cabeza lateral del m. tríceps; el m. flexor digital profundo presenta cuatro cabezas y el m. interóseo es macroscópicamente tendinoso. La información entregada en este estudio corresponde a un aporte anatómico que permite ampliar el conocimiento científico de esta especie que se encuentra poco estudiada, protegida y vulnerable.


The pudú (Pudu puda) is classified as an artiodactyl and is the smallest deer of the Cervidae family. It is estimated that its population has been reduced for a number of reasons, such as loss of forests, predation and hunting. The objective of this study is to describe the intrinsic musculature of the thoracic limb of a Pudu specimen, comparing the results with those described for domestic ruminants in anatomical literature. Musculature was studied from proximal to distal, dividing the limb into four topographic regions: scapular, brachial, antebrachial and hand regions. In addition, a morphometric study was conducted indicating the length, width and thickness of the muscles. The results indicate that the Pudu species has anatomical characteristics similar to those of domestic ruminants. However, some differences should be considered, such as the scapular portion of M. deltoides joins aponeurotically with M. infraspinatus; the two heads of M. carpis ulnaris are highly fused; the third tendon of M. biceps brachii; the M. triceps brachii is well developed and has four distinct muscle heads; the M. Anconeus remains independent of the lateral head of M. triceps brachii; the M. digitorum profundus features four heads and the M. interosseous is macroscopically tendinous. The information provided in this study corresponds to an anatomical contribution that allows furthering scientific knowledge of this protected and vulnerable species, which is scarcely studied.


Subject(s)
Animals , Deer/anatomy & histology , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , Upper Extremity/anatomy & histology
3.
Rev. bras. ciênc. vet ; 26(4): 118-127, out./dez. 2019. il.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1379581

ABSTRACT

O lobo-guará Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger, 1815, é o maior canídeo da América do Sul, pesa cerca de 25 kg quando adulto e está ameaçado de extinção. Descrições anatômicas contribuem para a complementação das informações sobre espécies silvestres e para implicações conservacionistas, clínicas e cirúrgicas. Objetivou-se descrever os ossos e os músculos do antebraço e mão do lobo-guará. A preparação das peças foi feita a partir dos métodos usuais de dissecação, em animais preservados em solução de formol a 10%. Os espécimes pertencem ao acervo didático do Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres da UFU e são provenientes de indivíduos atropelados. Os ossos descritos foram: rádio, ulna, ossos cárpico acessório, cárpico ulnar e cárpico intermédio; ossos cárpicos I, II, III e IV; ossos metacárpicos I, II, III, IV, V; falanges proximais, falanges médias e falanges distais do primeiro ao quinto dedo. Os músculos observados foram: extensor radial do carpo; pronador redondo; braquiorradial; extensor comum dos dedos; extensor ulnar do carpo; extensor lateral dos dedos;supinador; abdutor longo do dedo I; flexor radial do carpo; flexor profundo dos dedos; flexor superficial dos dedos; flexor ulnar do carpo; pronador quadrado; interflexor; lumbricais; abdutor curto dos dedos I e II e flexor curto do dedo I.


The maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) is the largest canid in South America, weighs about 25 kg as an adult and is threatened of extinction. Anatomical descriptions contribute to the complementation of information on wild species and for conservation, clinical and surgical implications. The purpose of this study was to describe the bones and muscles of the forearm and hand of the maned wolf. The methodology was through the usual dissecting methods in animals preserved in 10% formalin solution. The animals belong to the didactic collection of the Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Wild Animals of the UFU and come from run over. The bones evaluated were: radius, ulna, carpal accessory, carpi ulnar and carpi intermedium; carpal bones I, II, III and IV; metacarpal bones I, II, III, IV, V; proximal phalanges, middle phalanges and distal phalanges from first to fifth finger. The muscles observed were: radial extensor carpal; pronator round; brachioradial; common extensor of fingers; ulnar carpal extensor; lateral extensor of the fingers; supinator; abductor long finger I; flexor carpi radialis; flexor deep fingers; superficial flexor of the fingers; ulnar flexor of the carpus; square pronator; interflexor; lumbrils; short abductor of fingers I and II and short flexor of finger I.


Subject(s)
Animals , Carpal Bones/anatomy & histology , Wolves/anatomy & histology , Dissection/veterinary , Arm Bones/anatomy & histology , Hand Bones/anatomy & histology , Forearm/anatomy & histology , Anatomy, Veterinary , Animals, Wild/anatomy & histology , Muscles/anatomy & histology , Canidae
4.
Rev. bras. ciênc. vet ; 26(4): 118-127, out./dez. 2019. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1491651

ABSTRACT

O lobo-guará Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger, 1815, é o maior canídeo da América do Sul, pesa cerca de 25 kg quando adulto e está ameaçado de extinção. Descrições anatômicas contribuem para a complementação das informações sobre espécies silvestres e para implicações conservacionistas, clínicas e cirúrgicas. Objetivou-se descrever os ossos e os músculos do antebraço e mão do lobo-guará. A preparação das peças foi feita a partir dos métodos usuais de dissecação, em animais preservados em solução de formol a 10%. Os espécimes pertencem ao acervo didático do Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres da UFU e são provenientes de indivíduos atropelados. Os ossos descritos foram: rádio, ulna, ossos cárpico acessório, cárpico ulnar e cárpico intermédio; ossos cárpicos I, II, III e IV; ossos metacárpicos I, II, III, IV, V; falanges proximais, falanges médias e falanges distais do primeiro ao quinto dedo. Os músculos observados foram: extensor radial do carpo; pronador redondo; braquiorradial; extensor comum dos dedos; extensor ulnar do carpo; extensor lateral dos dedos; supinador; abdutor longo do dedo I; flexor radial do carpo; flexor profundo dos dedos; flexor superficial dos dedos; flexor ulnar do carpo; pronador quadrado; interflexor; lumbricais; abdutor curto dos dedos I e II e flexor curto do dedo I.


The maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) is the largest canid in South America, weighs about 25 kg as an adult and is threatened of extinction. Anatomical descriptions contribute to the complementation of information on wild species and for conservation, clinical and surgical implications. The purpose of this study was to describe the bones and muscles of the forearm and hand of the maned wolf. The methodology was through the usual dissecting methods in animals preserved in 10% formalin solution. The animals belong to the didactic collection of the Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Wild Animals of the UFU and come from run over. The bones evaluated were: radius, ulna, carpal accessory, carpi ulnar and carpi intermedium; carpal bones I, II, III and IV; metacarpal bones I, II, III, IV, V; proximal phalanges, middle phalanges and distal phalanges from first to fifth finger. The muscles observed were: radial extensor carpal; pronator round; brachioradial; common extensor of fingers; ulnar carpal extensor; lateral extensor of the fingers; supinator; abductor long finger I; flexor carpi radialis; flexor deep fingers; superficial flexor of the fingers; ulnar flexor of the carpus; square pronator; interflexor; lumbrils; short abductor of fingers I and II and short flexor of finger I.


Subject(s)
Animals , Forearm/anatomy & histology , Wolves/anatomy & histology , Forelimb/anatomy & histology , Hindlimb/anatomy & histology , Muscles/anatomy & histology , Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology , Upper Extremity/anatomy & histology , Bones of Upper Extremity/anatomy & histology
5.
Int. j. morphol ; 36(4): 1193-1196, Dec. 2018. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-975680

ABSTRACT

The crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) is a wild canid distributed in South America, which is susceptible to traumas caused by captors, accidents on roads, and traps. Due to these events their thoracic limbs can be involved at the level of the forearm, therefore, knowledge of the gross anatomy of its muscles is important in order to develop clinical and surgical procedures at this level compared with the domestic dog. The main objective of this investigation was report the intra and interspecific anatomical variations of the caudomedial forearm muscles in Cerdocyon thous in comparison mainly with the domestic dog. Six dead specimens from wildlife care centres of CORPOCALDAS were used. These were fixed with a solution of formaldehyde, mineral oil and phenic acid. Both thoracic limbs of each specimen were dissected from superficial to deep, emphasizing the caudomedial part of the forearm in order to review the anatomical characteristics of each muscle. These muscles were similar to those reported in the domestic dog, but some variations were observed such as the innervation of the pronator teres muscle by the musculocutaneous nerve in a specimen unilaterally; the formation of an accessory muscle from the ulnar head of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle in most specimens; and the vestigial presence of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle in a specimen bilaterally.


El zorro perruno (Cerdocyon thous) es un cánido silvestre distribuido en Sudamérica, el cual es susceptible a traumas causados por captores, accidentes en carreteras y trampas, donde pueden verse involucrados sus miembros torácicos a nivel del antebrazo, por lo tanto, conocer la anatomía de sus músculos es importante, ya que ésta servirá como base en la realización de procedimientos clínicos y quirúrgicos a este nivel en comparación con el perro doméstico. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue reportar las variaciones anatómicas intra e interespecíficas de los músculos caudo-mediales del antebrazo de C. thous en comparación principalmente con el perro doméstico. Se utilizaron seis especímenes muertos bajo la jurisdicción de CORPOCALDAS. Estos se fijaron con una solución en mezcla de formaldehído, aceite mineral y ácido fénico. Se diseccionaron de superficial a profundo los dos miembros torácicos de cada espécimen, haciendo énfasis en la parte caudo-medial del antebrazo para revisar las características anatómicas de cada músculo, las cuales fueron similares a las reportadas al perro doméstico, pero se observó en un espécimen de manera unilateral la inervación al músculo pronador teres por parte del nervio musculocutáneo; en la mayoría de especímenes se observó la formación de un músculo accesorio a partir de la cabeza ulnar del músculo flexor ulnar del carpo; y en un espécimen la presencia vestigial del músculo ancóneoepitroclear.


Subject(s)
Animals , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , Anatomic Variation , Forearm/anatomy & histology , Foxes/anatomy & histology , Muscle, Skeletal/innervation , Forearm/innervation
6.
Rev. bras. ciênc. vet ; 25(2): 42-48, abr./jun. - 2018. il.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-987940

ABSTRACT

Tapirus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) é conhecida como anta brasileira é um mamífero da ordem Perissodactyla, o único dessa ordem que ocorre de forma endêmica no Brasil, sendo considerado maior mamífero brasileiro. Existem poucos estudos relacionados à sua morfologia. Objetivou-se descrever os ossos e os músculos da coxa de T. terrestris. Foram utilizados quatro exemplares de T. terrestris fixados em formaldeído a 10%. Para a descrição osteológica, os ossos foram macerados, limpos e secos, identificados e descritos. Para a descrição muscular, os músculos foram dissecados, segundo as técnicas usuais em anatomia macroscópica. O esqueleto da região glútea de T. terrestris é constituído pelo osso do quadril, a coxa é constituída e pelo osso fêmur.. Os músculos (M.) que compõe a coxa são o M. Tensor da fáscia lata, M. Bíceps femoral, M. Semitendíneo, M. Semimembranáceo, M. Grácil, M. Pectíneo, M. Quadríceps femoral, M. Adutor, M. Sartório, M. quadrado profundo, M. piriforme, M. gêmeos e M. obturador interno. Conclui-se que T. terrestris possuem características osteológicas e musculares semelhantes a dos equinos, Entretanto, algumas diferenças morfológicas são evidenciadas.


The species Tapirus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) is known as Brazilian tapir is a mammal of the order Perissodactyla, the only order that which occurs endemic in Brazil, considered largest mammal Brazilian. There are few studies related to their morphology. The study aimed to describe the bones and muscles of the thigh T. terrestris. We used four specimens of T. terrestris fixed in 3.7% formaldehyde. For osteological description, the bones were macerated, cleaned and dried, identified and described. For a description of muscle, the muscles were dissected according to the usual techniques in gross anatomy. For the histological description samples were collected every muscle they have been processed and applied stains hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, and Orcein Reticulin, followed by analysis by light microscopy. The skeleton of the gluteal region of T.s terrestris consists of hip bone, thigh bone that is formed by the femur. The muscles (M.) that makes up the thigh are M. Tensor fascia lata, M. Biceps femoris, M. Semitendinosus, M. Semimembranosus, M. Gracilis, M. Pectineus, M. Quadriceps femoris, M. Adductor,M. Sartorius and M. quadratus profundus, M. piriformis, M. gemelis e M. obturator internus. Histologically muscles showed striated muscle fibers, collagen fibers, elastic and reticular fibers. We conclude that the T. terrestris have characteristics similar to osteological and muscle of horses, however, some differences were evident fact that can be corroborated by locomotor patterns acquired by the species due to its habitat.


Subject(s)
Animals , Bone and Bones , Hip , Anatomy, Veterinary
7.
Acta sci., Biol. sci ; 40: 37861-37861, 20180000. ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1460824

ABSTRACT

The crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) is a wild canid with a wide distribution in South America that is susceptible to traumas due to road kills - an event in which some specimens can survive. Therefore, anatomical studies in their thoracic limbs may be a base for rehabilitation. Six dead specimens were donated by Wildlife Rescue Centre of CORPOCALDAS (Environmental Authority of the Department of Caldas in Colombia), which were then filled with silicone rubber via the common carotid artery, and later fixed with formaldehyde through the external jugular vein. One male was dissected in fresh, and after a week, the others were dissected on the scapular and humeral joint regions. The intrinsic muscles of these regions in the crab-eating fox were homologous to domestic dog, with similar characteristics in terms of shape, origin, insertion, innervation and arterial blood supply. However, the crab-eating fox did have some differences, such as its supraspinatus muscle being conformed by two bellies and attached into the articular capsule of the humeral joint in same manner as the subscapularis muscle, thus conferring greater stability to the humeral. However, the clinical and surgical approaches that must be performed in this region may be homologous to the domestic dog.


Cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) é um canideo selvagem amplamente distribuído na América do Sul, susceptível a traumatismos por atropelamentos em rodovias, eventos nos quais alguns animais podem sobreviver. Portanto, estudos anatômicos em seus membros torácicos podem servir como base para sua reabilitação. Seis espécimes mortos foram doados pelo Centro de Resgate de Vida Selvagem da Corporación Autónoma Regional para el Desarrollo de Caldas - CORPOCALDAS, os quais foram preenchidos com borracha de silicone pela artéria carótida comum, e depois fixados com formaldeído através da veia jugular externa. Um macho foi dissecado a fresco e após uma semana, os outros foram dissecados nas regiões da articulação escapular e umeral. Os músculos intrínsecos dessa região no cachorro-do-mato eram homólogos às dos cães domésticos, com características semelhantes na forma, origem, inserção, inervação e suprimento de sangue arterial. No entanto, o cachorro-do-mato apresenta algumas diferenças, como músculo supraespinhal conformado por duas cabeças e unidos na cápsula articular da articulação umeral, da mesma forma que o músculo subescapular, características essas que devem conferir maior estabilidade à articulação do úmero. Apesar disso, as abordagens clínicas e cirúrgicas realizadas nesta região podem ser homólogas ao cão doméstico.


Subject(s)
Animals , Joints/anatomy & histology , Canidae/anatomy & histology , Myofunctional Therapy
8.
Int. j. morphol ; 35(4): 1370-1376, Dec. 2017. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-893144

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN: El pudú (Pudu puda) pertenece a la familia Cervidae y se estima que su población actual total es menor a 10.000 ejemplares, razón por la cual se encuentra en la categoría de "Casi Amenazado" y dentro de la lista roja de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (IUCN). La causa de la reducción de su población, es la pérdida y la fragmentación de los bosques del sur de Chile, caza, depredación, atropellos, entre otros. En las últimas situaciones mencionadas, es frecuente observar lesiones en la zona corporal caudal y miembros pélvicos del animal. Debido a lo anterior, se considera importante generar estudios morfológicos en el pudú que puedan ser un aporte en el conocimiento de ésta especie en particular. El presente trabajo corresponde a un estudio descriptivo anatómico del miembro pélvico de un ejemplar de pudú hembra. Se describió la musculatura y sus principales relaciones con vasos sanguíneos y nervios desde proximal hacia distal, dividiendo al miembro pélvico en cuatro regiones topográficas: cintura pélvica, femoral, crural y del pie. Además, se realizó de forma complementaria un estudio morfométrico de cada región topográfica y cada músculo que la compone. Los resultados fueron comparados con rumiantes domésticos, en relación a lo descrito en la bibliografía anatómica clásica, observando que el ejemplar analizado posee características anatómicas similares a lo descrito para pequeños rumiantes, sin embargo, existen diferencias importantes de tomar en consideración, tales como: el m. de la fascia lata presenta dos porciones sobrepuestas; el m. sóleo presenta un mayor desarrollo; el paquete vasculo nervioso femoral se observa atravesando la porción craneal del m. sartorio y el m. gracilis forma parte del tendón calcáneo común. La información entregada en este estudio corresponde a un aporte anatómico que permite ampliar el conocimiento científico de ésta especie poco estudiada, protegida y vulnerable.


SUMMARY: The Pudu (Pudu puda) belongs to the family Cervidae and it is estimated that its total current population is less than 10,000 specimen, which is why it is part of the "Near Threatened" category and on the red list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The cause of the reduction of its population is the loss and the fragmentation of the forests of the south of Chile, hunting, predation, crashes, among others. In the latter situations, it is common to observe injuries in the caudal area and pelvic limbs of the animal. Due to the above, it is considered important to generate morphological studies in the Pudú that can be a contribution in the knowledge of this particular species. The present study corresponds to an anatomical descriptive study of the pelvic limb of a female Pudú. Musculature and its main relationships with blood vessels and nerves were described from proximal to distal, dividing the pelvic limb into four topographic regions: pelvic waist, femoral, crural and foot. In addition, a morphometric study of each topographic region and each muscle was performed as complementary analysis. The results were compared to domestic ruminants, in relation to those described in the classic anatomical bibliography, observing that the analyzed specimen has anatomical characteristics similar to that described for small ruminants, however, several important differences were observed and should be taken into consideration: the M. tensor fascia latae presents two overlapping portions; the M. soleus is more developed; the vasculature of the femoral nerve is observed through the cranial portion of the M. sartorius and M. gracilis is part of the common calcaneus tendon. The information provided in this study corresponds to an anatomical contribution that allows furthering scientific knowledge of this protected and vulnerable species.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Deer/anatomy & histology , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , Pelvis/anatomy & histology , Anatomy, Comparative , Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply , Muscle, Skeletal/innervation , Pelvis/blood supply , Pelvis/innervation
9.
Int. j. morphol ; 34(3): 1123-1127, Sept. 2016. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-828996

ABSTRACT

The Saguinus leucopus is an endemic and monotypic primate of Colombia with quadrupedal arboreal locomotion, but the study of its morphological adaptations are still scarce, therefore the specific knowledge of its muscles will allow to understand these adaptations and to establish better medical and surgical procedures in order to preserve this species. For this purposes, the two forearms of 10 S. leucopus specimens were dissected, they were fixed within a formaldehyde solution, phenic acid and mineral oil mixture. Among the craniolateral muscles of the forearm two muscles were independent for digits IV and V. They presented form, origin and insertion suitable for individual extension of each digit, with innervation and irrigation by the cranial interosseous nerve and the homonymous artery respectively; they show similarities and differences with other primates, it allows to conclude that the development of these muscles could enable a particular anatomical and functional individualization in these digits extension, this feature makes possible its quadrupedal arboreal locomotion.


El Saguinus leucopus es un primate endémico y monotípico de Colombia con la locomoción cuadrúpeda arbórea, sin embargo los estudios de sus adaptaciones morfológicas aún son escasos, por lo tanto, el conocimiento específico de sus músculos permitirá conocer estas adaptaciones y establecer mejores procedimientos médicos y quirúrgicos con el fin de preservar esta especie. Para estos fines, se disecaron los dos antebrazos de 10 especímenes de S. leucopus, los cuales fueron fijados con una solución en mezcla de formaldehído, aceite mineral y ácido fénico. Entre los músculos cráneo laterales del antebrazo se encontraron dos músculos independientes para los dígitos IV y V. La forma, el origen y la inserción eran adecuadas para la extensión individual de cada dígito, con la inervación e irrigación por el nervio interóseo craneal y la arteria del mismo nombre respectivamente, presentando similitudes y diferencias con otros primates, lo que permite llegar a la conclusión que el desarrollo de estos músculos podría permitir una individualización anatómica y funcional particular en la extensión de estos dígitos, haciendo posible su locomoción cuadrúpeda arbórea.


Subject(s)
Animals , Hand/anatomy & histology , Musculoskeletal System/anatomy & histology , Saguinus/anatomy & histology , Colombia
10.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 35(supl.1): 21-26, dez. 2015. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: lil-789014

ABSTRACT

Objetivam-se descrever os músculos do membro pélvico da paca (Cuniculus paca Linnaeus, 1766), mediante dissecção anatômica dessa região. Foram utilizadas dez Cuniculus paca adultas, machos e fêmeas, pesando entre cinco e 10 kg do plantel de pacas do setor de Animais Silvestres da FCAV, Unesp, Jaboticabal/SP. Os animais foram fixados em formaldeído 10% e conservados em solução salina a 30% para dissecação anatômica da musculatura da pelve, coxa e perna, identificando-se a origem e inserção de cada músculo. Os resultados foram fotodocumentados e discutidos com base na literatura sobre animais domésticos, ratos e cobaias. Salvo algumas variâncias na origem e inserção de cada músculo e na fusão dos ventres de alguns grupos musculares, de forma geral, a musculatura da paca assemelha-se a dos animais domésticos e a de outros roedores.(AU)


This study aimed to describe the muscles of the pelvic limb of paca (Cuniculus paca Linnaeus, 1766) through anatomical dissection of this region. We used ten adult pacas, males and females, weighing 5 to 10 kg from the group of pacas at the sector of wild animals of FCAV, Unesp-Jaboticabal, SP. The animals were fixed with 10% formaldehyde and preserved in 30% saline solution for anatomical dissection of the pelvis, thigh and leg musculature, with identification of the origin and the insertion of each muscle. Photos were taken and the results were discussed based on the domestic animal, rat and guinea pig literature. In general, the paca musculature resembles the one of domestic animals and other rodents; but some variance in origin and insertion of each muscle and in the fusion of some muscular groups of the bellies was observed.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Pelvis/anatomy & histology , Cuniculidae/anatomy & histology , Rodentia/anatomy & histology , Body Weights and Measures/veterinary
11.
Int. j. morphol ; 33(4): 1455-1459, Dec. 2015. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-772337

ABSTRACT

El zorro perruno (Cerdocyon thous) es el cánido silvestre más común en América del Sur, con una relativa estabilidad poblacional, pero susceptible de ser atropellado y caer en trampas, pudiendo sufrir traumas en sus miembros torácicos, por lo tanto se requiere un conocimiento anatómico específico de sus músculos para intervenciones médicas y quirúrgicas. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue realizar una descripción anatómica del músculo extensor del I y II dedo del C thous, en la cual, se reporta forma, origen, inserción, inervación e irrigación. Se diseccionaron de superficial a profundo los dos antebrazos de seis especímenes muertos donados por CORPOCALDAS a la Universidad de Caldas. El músculo extensor del I y II dedo en este estudio presentó características anatómicas similares a las reportadas a otras especies pero con una distribución tendinosa variante formando desde tres a cuatro ramas que se distribuyen del I al III dedo, incluso faltando a veces para el III dedo, pero de igual forma presenta una distribución que debe ser conocida para procedimientos que requieran de su conocimiento.


The crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) is the most common wild canid in South America. With a relative demographic stability, this animal is susceptible of being hit and falling into traps, and can suffer trauma in its thoracic limbs; therefore a specific anatomical knowledge about its muscles is necessary for medical and surgical procedures. The main aim of this research was to describe the anatomy of the extensor muscle of digit I and II of the C. thous reporting form, origin, insertion, innervation and irrigation. The forearms of six donated dead specimens from CORPOCALDAS to Caldas University were dissected from superficial to deep. In this research, the extensor muscle of digit I and II showed similar anatomical features to those reported for other species but with a variant tendinous distribution that forms from three to four branches distributed from digit I to III. Although sometimes this distribution does not exist for the digit III; this similar distribution must be reported for procedures which require this knowledge.


Subject(s)
Animals , Forelimb/anatomy & histology , Foxes/anatomy & histology , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , Tendons/anatomy & histology
12.
Braz. j. biol ; 75(3): 655-661, Aug. 2015. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-761565

ABSTRACT

AbstractCyclarhis gujanensis is a little bird which feeds on high number of large preys, such frogs, lizards, snakes, bats and birds. As there are few studies on the cranial anatomy of this species, we aimed to describe the cranial myology to contribute to the anatomical knowledge of this species and to make some assumptions about functional anatomy. Thus, we described the muscles from the jaw apparatus (external and internal adductor muscles, the muscles of the pterygoid system and the depressor muscles of the mandible). The adductor system is the greatest and multipinulated, particularly in its origin in the caudal portion of the temporal fossa. The depressor jaw muscles systems are enlarged with many components in complexity. The most of jaw apparatus muscles are short, but the strength (biting or crushing forces) from short feeding apparatus fibers probably is increased by high number of components and pinnulation. These anatomical aspects of the muscles indicate a considerable force in the jaws, without which C. gujanensis probably could not cut their prey into smaller pieces. However, functional approaches to analysis of forces of the muscle fibers are needed to corroborate / refute the hypotheses mentioned above.


ResumoO pitiguari (C. gujanensis) é um pássaro neotropical que se alimenta de uma ampla variedade de presas grandes, tais como lagartos, anuros, morcegos e aves. Como são escassos os estudos sobre a anatomia craniana desta espécie, descrevemos a miologia craniana para contribuir com o seu conhecimento anatômico e inferir hipóteses sobre sua anatomia funcional. Foram descritos os músculos adutores mandibulares, externos e internos, do sistema pterigóideo e depressores da mandíbula. O sistema adutor, com a função de elevar a mandíbula, é o mais desenvolvido, particularmente em sua origem na porção caudal da fossa temporal. O músculo depressor da mandíbula possui vários componentes. A maioria dos músculos do aparato mandibular tem tamanho pequeno, porém a ave possui um grande potencial para dilacerar, e essa força provavelmente se deve ao grande número de componentes e pinulações neles presentes. Esses aspectos anatômicos da musculatura indicam uma força considerável nas maxilas, sem a qual C. gujanensis provavelmente não conseguiria cortar suas presas em pedaços menores. No entanto, mais estudos, tanto em abordagens funcionais como análises de forças das fibras musculares, são necessários para corroborar/refutar as hipóteses mencionadas acima.


Subject(s)
Animals , Jaw/anatomy & histology , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , Skull/anatomy & histology , Songbirds/anatomy & histology , Masticatory Muscles/anatomy & histology
13.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1487586

ABSTRACT

Abstract: This study aimed to describe the muscles of the pelvic limb of paca (Cuniculus paca Linnaeus, 1766) through anatomical dissection of this region. We used ten adult pacas, males and females, weighing 5 to 10 kg from the group of pacas at the sector of wild animals of FCAV, Unesp-Jaboticabal, SP. The animals were fixed with 10% formaldehyde and preserved in 30% saline solution for anatomical dissection of the pelvis, thigh and leg musculature, with identification of the origin and the insertion of each muscle. Photos were taken and the results were discussed based on the domestic animal, rat and guinea pig literature. In general, the paca musculature resembles the one of domestic animals and other rodents; but some variance in origin and insertion of each muscle and in the fusion of some muscular groups of the bellies was observed.


Resumo: Objetivam-se descrever os músculos do membro pélvico da paca (Cuniculus paca Linnaeus, 1766), mediante dissecção anatômica dessa região. Foram utilizadas dez Cuniculus paca adultas, machos e fêmeas, pesando entre cinco e 10 kg do plantel de pacas do setor de Animais Silvestres da FCAV, Unesp, Jaboticabal/SP. Os animais foram fixados em formaldeído 10% e conservados em solução salina a 30% para dissecação anatômica da musculatura da pelve, coxa e perna, identificando-se a origem e inserção de cada músculo. Os resultados foram fotodocumentados e discutidos com base na literatura sobre animais domésticos, ratos e cobaias. Salvo algumas variâncias na origem e inserção de cada músculo e na fusão dos ventres de alguns grupos musculares, de forma geral, a musculatura da paca assemelha-se a dos animais domésticos e a de outros roedores.

14.
Int. j. morphol ; 32(3): 1085-1094, Sept. 2014. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-728315

ABSTRACT

Los carnívoros son animales que ejercen fascinación sobre las personas. Históricamente, han formado parte de la cultura y mitología humana por millones de años. En la medicina, tanto la estructura como la función son inseparables como base y fundamento esta ciencia y arte y en conjunto son asignaturas básicas en la formación médica. El puma es uno de los grandes felinos de los que se conoce su ecología, reproducción y algunos aspectos de su nutrición. Sin embargo, los aspectos relacionados con su anatomía son muy generales. Es probable que por ser un animal protegido, que sólo podría ser obtenido y preservado para estudios sólo bajo condiciones especiales, se prefiera homologar su anatomía con la del gato doméstico por ejemplo. Se realizó una disección clásica de los miembros pélvicos de un espécimen de puma macho adulto, la que se llevó a cabo sobre distintas regiones topográficas de los miembros pélvicos de esta muestra. El estudio comparativo demostró mediante la descripción de las estructuras musculares y de sus anexos que el gato doméstico puede ser utilizado como un modelo anatómico para ser extrapolado en futuros estudios de estas estructuras en el puma, salvo algunas diferencias en ciertos puntos de origen, inserción y en el desarrollo de algunas estructuras musculares.


Carnivores are animals fascination exerted on people. Historically, they have been part of human culture and mythology for millions of years. In medicine, the structure and function are inseparable as the basis and foundation this science and art together are basic subjects in medical training. The cougar is one of the big cats are known for their ecology, reproduction and aspects of nutrition. However, aspects of their anatomy are very general. Is likely to be a protected animal, which could only be obtained and preserved for study only under special conditions, is preferred to standardize their anatomy such domestic cat. Was conducted classic dissection of the lower limbs of a specimen of adult male cougar, which took place on different topographic regions of the lower limbs of this sample. The comparative study demostrated by describing the muscular structures and its annexes that domestic cats can be used as an anatomical model to be extrapolated in future studies of these structures in the puma, except for some differences on certain points of origin and insertion in the development of some muscular structures.


Subject(s)
Animals , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , Puma/anatomy & histology , Pelvis
15.
Neotrop. ichthyol ; 8(2): 193-246, 2010. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-553656

ABSTRACT

The skeletal muscles of the dorsolateral region of the head of the Nematogenyidae and representatives of the all major clades of the Trichomycteridae are described and illustrated. A hypothesis on the phylogenetic relationships among these taxa exclusively based on the surveyed musculature is presented. The single most parsimonious cladogram obtained from the phylogenetic analysis of the 36 myological characters gathered and 35 terminal-taxa mostly agrees with the previous hypotheses of trichomycterid intrarelationships. The Copionodontinae and Trichogeninae form a monophyletic lineage that is the sister-group to all remaining trichomycterids. The monophyly of the clades formed by Glanapteryginae plus Sarcoglanidinae; Stegophilinae plus Tridentinae plus Vandelliinae; and the assemblage comprising all of these five subfamilies (TSVSG clade) is corroborated. Two of our findings are, however, discordant with the previous prevailing hypotheses: the sister-group relationship among Tridentinae and Stegophilinae and the monophyly of the Trichomycterinae lato sensu, i. e., including the genera Scleronema and Ituglanis. In addition, the previously proposed osteological synapomorphies supporting the close affinities of Scleronema and Ituglanis with the TSVSG clade were revised, revealing that they are either invalid or ambiguous. Most of the synapomorphies herein proposed are homoplasy-free, with some of them corroborating the monophyly of weakly-supported groups, such as Stegophilinae.


Os músculos esqueléticos da região dorsolateral da cabeça de Nematogenyidae e de representantes de todos os maiores clados de Trichomycteridae são descritos e ilustrados. Uma hipótese das relações filogenéticas entre estes táxons, baseada exclusivamente na musculatura estudada, é apresentada. O único cladograma mais parcimonioso obtido da análise filogenética dos 36 caracteres miológicos levantados e 35 táxons-terminais concorda com a maior parte das hipóteses anteriores de relações entre os tricomicterídeos. Copionodontinae e Trichogeninae formam uma linhagem monofilética que é grupo-irmã de todos os demais tricomicterídeos. O monofiletismo dos clados formados por Glanapteryginae mais Sarcoglanidinae; Stegophilinae mais Tridentinae mais Vandelliinae; e do agrupamento incluindo estas cinco subfamílias (clado TSVSG) é corroborado. Duas de nossas descobertas são, entretanto, discordantes com relação às hipóteses anteriores mais aceitas: a relação de grupo-irmão entre Tridentinae e Stegophilinae e o monofiletismo de Trichomycterinae lato sensu, i. e., incluindo os gêneros Scleronema e Ituglanis. Além disso, as sinapomorfias osteológicas previamente propostas suportando as relações de afinidade de Scleronema e Ituglanis com o clado TSVSG foram revisadas, revelando serem inválidas ou ambíguas. A maior parte das sinapomorfias aqui propostas são livres de homoplasias, com algumas delas corroborando o monofiletismo de grupos fracamente suportados, tais como o da subfamília Stegophilinae.


Subject(s)
Animals , Classification , Fishes , Muscle, Skeletal , Anatomy, Comparative , Biological Evolution
16.
Int. j. morphol ; 26(3): 463-522, Sept. 2008. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-556706

ABSTRACT

Despite the progresses done in the field of teleostean phylogeny in the last decades, recent studies continué to raise questions concerning the higher-level relationships of this remarkably diverse group of fishes. The main aim of the present work is to help to clarify teleostean higher-level relationships. For that purpose, we undertook a cladistic analysis including 70 terminal taxa of 20 different orders and 271 morphological characters, concerning mainly osteological and myological structures of the cephalic region , pectoral girdle and fins and anterior vertebrae. In the consensus cladogram obtained, the elopomorphs appear as the most basal extant teleosts. The osteoglossomorphs included in the analysis are grouped in a monophyletic clade, which is the sister-group of the remaining non-elopomorph teleosts. The Otocephala, the Clupeiformes, and the Ostariophysi appear as monophyletic clades, thus contradicting the results of some recent molecular cladistic analyses placing the Alepocephaloidea inside the Otocephala. In fact, the monophyly of the Argentiniformes (Alepocephaloidea + Argentinoidea) is well supported by the cladistic analysis of the present work. This cladistic analysis also provides support for the monophyly of the Alepocephaloidea, of the Argentinoidea, of the Galaxioidea + Osmeroidea, and of the Esociforines. However, it does notprovide strong evidence to resolve the relationships between the Argentiniformes, Salmoniformes, Esociformes, Osmeriformes and Neoteleostei, although it does indicate that the salmoniforms might be closely related to the Neoteleostei and that the Esociformes and the Osmeriformes might constitute a monophyletic unit. The monophyly of the Cypriniformes + Characiformes + Gymnotiformes + Siluriformes, of the Characiformes + Gymnotiformes + Siluriformes and of the Gymnotiformes + Siluriformes is well supported.


A pesar de los avances realizados en relacion a la filogenia de los teleosteos en las últimas décadas, los estudios recientes siguen planteando cuestiones relativas a los altos niveles de relacion de este notable grupo de diversos peces. El principal objetivo del presente trabajo es contribuir a aclarar los altos niveles de relacion de teleosteos. Con este propósito, se llevó a cabo un análisis cladístico entre 70 taxones terminales de 20 órdenes diferentes y 271 caracteres morfológicos, principalmente en relacion con estructuras osteológicas y miológicas de la region cefálica, cintura escapular y las aletas anteriores y vértebras. En el cladograma de consenso obtenido, los elopomorfos aparecen como los teleosteos más básicos existentes. Los osteoglosomorfos incluidos en el análisis se agrupan en un ciado monofilético, que es el grupo hermano de los restantes teleosteos no elopomorfos. Los Otocephala, los clupeiforines, y los ostariofisios aparecen como ciados monofiléticos, contradiciendo así los resultados de algunos análisis moleculares cladísticos recientes incluyendo los Alepocephalidae dentro Otocephala. De hecho, la monofilia de los Argentiniformes (Alepocephaloidea + Argentinoidea) está bien apoyada por el análisis cladístico del presente trabajo. Este análisis cladístico también proporciona apoyo para la monofilia de los Alepocephaloidea, de los Argentinoidea, de los Galaxioidea + Osmeroidea, y de los Esociformes. Sin embargo, no proporciona pruebas sólidas para resolver las relaciones entre los Argentiniformes, Salmoniformes, Esociformes, Osmeriformes y Neoteleostei, aunque indica que los salmoniformes podrían estar estrechamente relacionados con los Neoteleostei, y que los Esociformes y los Osmeriformes podrían constituir una unidad monofilética. La monofilia de los Cypriniformes + Characiformes + Gymnotiformes + Siluriformes, de los Characiformes + Gymnotiformes + Siluriformes y de los Gymnotiformes + Siluriformes está bien apoyada.


Subject(s)
Animals , Eels/anatomy & histology , Eels/classification , Cypriniformes/anatomy & histology , Cypriniformes/classification , Esociformes/anatomy & histology , Esociformes/classification , Osmeriformes/anatomy & histology , Osmeriformes/classification , Salmoniformes/anatomy & histology , Salmoniformes/classification , Aquatic Environment/analysis , Fossils , Phylogeny
17.
J Biosci ; 1994 Oct; 19(4): 415-427
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-160936

ABSTRACT

With gradual increasing complexity in higher vertebrate structure and function, the birds as a class have acquired very high degree of feeding adaptations for diverse food-niches. A comparative functional morphological study of the feeding apparatus of 6 species of columbid birds showing diversification in their food-habits reveals that some correlations exist between the form-function complexes of the feeding apparatus and the extent of diversity of food-habits shown by these birds. Among the species of columbid birds selected for the Study, Columba and Streptopelia are ground feeders and predominantly grain-eaters, although quite often they invade diversified food-niches. Treron and Ducula, on the other hand, are almost exclusively fruit-eaters, plucking and swallowing fruits from the lofty tree branches, While Columba and Streptopelia show better kinesis of their jaws for ground-pecking, Treron. and Ducula possess wider gape as well as stronger grasp of their bill for plucking off, grasping and swallowing large-sized fruits. Consequently, the size and pinnateness of the jaw muscles in these fruit-pigeons have developed far greater than those observed in Columba and Streptopelia. Further, in Treron and Ducula, the thick and broad ‘venter externus’ slip of the M. pterygoideus ensures complete closure of the bill and possibly prevent any excess lateral expansion of the mandibular rami. Similar correlations have also been observed between the tongue features of columbid birds and the diversity of their feeding adaptation.

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